Brick Lane by Monica Ali (Scribner)

Mymensingh District, East Pakistan, 1967. “Rupban screamed white heat, red blood”. Her husband rushed to her side to kill the man who was killing his wife. He knew it was her but when he got there, his sister-in-law, Mumtaz told him to fetch Banesa, a midwife who claimed to be one hundred and twenty years old. Since nobody can remember when she was born and as she was “more desiccated than an old coconut, no one cared to dispute it”.

So begins Monica Ali’s story of family, love, and tradition. Brick Lane is this and more. It is also about fitting into a new society and culture as an immigrant family. The main theme is the conflict between believing in Fate or being able to choose one’s own destiny.

Nazneen was stillborn, as she had been told all her life. Her mother thought she had a bad case of indigestion. Banesa said she would be happy to prepare for the burial, at an extra cost, but just then the baby let out a yowl. The old woman said it was a death rattle and Rupban could take two routes. Take the baby to the city, a hospital, where they “will put wires on her and give medicines” or “you can just see what Fate will do”. 

Mumtaz said of course they would take the baby to the city but Rupban refused, saying “No, we must not stand in the way of Fate. Whatever happens, I accept it. And my child must not waste any energy fighting against Fate. That way, she will be stronger.” Mumtaz had no choice but to accept what her sister said. As Nazneen grew up, she would often hear the story of “How You Were Left to Your Fate”. 

Nazneen’s sister, Hasina, was born three days after the death of the midwife. She grew up to be a beautiful girl. When she was sixteen she eloped with the nephew of a sawmill owner and left the family home. For two weeks, their father would sit and wait “cursing his whore-pig daughter whose head would be severed the moment she crawled back”. Needless to say, she never did come back.

Then one day, Nazneen’s father asked her if she would like to see the man she would marry the following month. She refused but out of the corner of her eyes, she saw the photo showing a man who was about forty years old and “had a face like a frog”. They would marry and he would take her back to England to live.

Tower Hamlets, London, 1985. Nazneen had been living in London for only six months. She still could not speak the language except for a few words. She and her husband lived in a neighborhood where a number of other Bengali people lived. Her husband had invited his friend, Dr. Azad, to his home for a nice dinner. Nazneen was nervous although “it was only dinner. One dinner. One guest.”

As Nazneen tries to settle into life in a new country, a new culture, she is at times overwhelmed. She would often recite passages from the Qu’ran to settle her nerves. She also receives letters from her sister Hasina whose lives a parallel life with Nazneen in trying to find balance and happiness in her own environment

The couple would eventually have a son Nazneen named Tariq although her husband always called him Ruku. Unfortunately, Tariq would not live into his adolescent years. The cause of his death remained unknown. 

Tower Hamlets, London, 2001. Nazneen and her husband Chanu are now the parents of two young girls. The older one is named Shahana. She is the more rebellious of the two. As she grows up in the U.K., she cannot stand it when her father teaches them or talks to them about the greatness of Bangladesh. She always retorts with, “I didn’t ask to be born here”.

Her younger sister, Bibi, is more acquiescent to her father’s demands and always tries to please him. Nazneen also questions her own values about being a good Muslim woman, “a nice village girl. Unspoilt”. She is having thoughts of a younger man while her husband is determined that the entire family will move back to Bangladesh. 

Monica Ali really brings to light about what it means to be Muslim in a mostly Christian country. However, I did find her male characters to be rather two-dimensional. As I am not a follower of Islam, I cannot say with confidence how true to life her depictions of the men in this story are. They all seem to be full of pride and believe that their word is law in the family. 

Ali also brings to light the plight of Muslim women. Many of their husbands forbid them to work even though the husband’s salaries are often not enough to feed the family. Yet, according to the men, if their wife is working, they will be looked down upon as a man who cannot provide for his family and their family would be shamed. 

In today’s world, it’s not enough to be “the man of the house”. Tradition is fine and all but must consider the time and circumstances to find true happiness. At least that it what I believe. ~Ernie Hoyt

We Have Always Been Here by Samra Habib (Viking, Penguin Random House Canada)

Samra Habib’s freedom is curtailed from the time she turns four. Left alone with a friend of her father’s while her mother runs an errand, she is sexually assaulted by the man who is supposed to protect her. Although she doesn’t say if the molester suffered any repercussions, she writes “I lost my right to be a child.” While her friends play without adult scrutiny, she has a constant chaperone, a nanny who monitors her whenever she leaves the house.

Other losses lie ahead of her. Her family belongs to one of Islam’s seventy-three sects, the one that is considered heretical. The Ahmadiyya believe in a Messiah who succeeded the Prophet Muhammed, a successor to Christ who will bring about a peaceful triumph of Islam, uniting it with other religions. This is disputed by other sects who refuse to acknowledge the Ahmadi as followers of Islam, often violently. Habib learns to keep her religion a secret but not even discretion allows peace. When her father’s life becomes endangered, he moves his family to Canada.

Fiercely homesick for Pakistan, Habib has that loss compounded by the role reversal that afflicts the children of immigrants. She becomes an English tutor to her parents and as her mother struggles with her efforts to gain a high school diploma, Habib frequently does her parent’s homework. 

Assimilation is difficult but slowly Habib works to become a Canadian teenager. Her parents--and her culture--have other ideas and by the time she’s sixteen, she’s caught in an arranged marriage.

This is too much. Before she moves in with her husband, with their marriage still unconsummated, Habib runs away from home. Taking refuge in the apartment of a classmate, she slowly begins to form her own life, with the privilege of her own freedom.

She earns her own living, discovers her own sexuality that awakens with her love of women, and explores the potential of her own brain. 

Her odyssey is a story of pain and discovery as she works to reconcile herself with her family and to find a way back to the religion that nourishes her. When at last she finds a mosque where gay Muslims are welcomed, she recovers an essential part of herself, her “desire to understand the beauty and complexity of the universe and to treat everyone, regardless of their beliefs, with respect.” It’s a path of heartbreak and inspiration, made vivid by Habib’s gift for detail and her sense of place.

A dozen years ago I sat in a room full of Muslim men who were asked what they would do if they learned their daughter loved women, not men. All of them talked about honor killing, except for one man who said although he couldn’t call for his child’s death, he would never be able to see her again. She would be dead to him.

Those men stayed with me as I read We Have Always Been Here. Their rigid form of Islam that demands the sacrifice of an errant child contrasts sadly and horribly with the words of Habib’s father as he finally accepts who his daughter is. “You can’t help it,” he tells her, “It’s just who you are.”~Janet Brown

Meatless Days by Sara Suleri (Penguin)

Sara Suleri Goodyear was born in Karachi, Pakistan. She is the daughter of Z.A. Suleri and Mair Jones. Suleri was a Pakistani journalist, author, and was also an activist for the Pakistan Movement, a political movement whose aim was to create an independent Muslim nation from British India. Mair Jones was from Wales and was an English professor who taught at a university in Pakistan. Suleri herself taught English at Yale University.

Originally published in 1989, Meatless Days is Suleri’s memoir. A new edition was published in the Penguin Women Writers series in 2018. However, this book is not just a biography of her life, it is about the people and nations that shaped her life. It is about living and experiencing life in the newly created nation of Pakistan, having an early education in the United Kingdom, and dealing with the mystery of the American Midwest. It also reads like a soliloquy on what it means to be a woman. 

In her discourse, Suleri says leaving Pakistan was the same as giving up the company of women. She goes on to say that “the concept of woman was not really part of an available vocabulary: we were too busy for that just living, just living, conducting precise negotiations with what it meant to be a sister or a child or a wife or a mother or a servant”. 

In her numerous autobiographical accounts, she starts off with talking about her Dadi, the mother of her father - her grandmother. It seemed to Sara that her grandmother had a special relationship with God. “God she loved, and she understood him better than anyone.” Sara’s Dadi could also be greatly moved by food. Sara and her sisters “pondered but never quite determined whether food or God constituted her most profound delight”. 

One of the most interesting chapters is about Suleri’s friend Mustakori, a woman who had an array of nicknames - Congo Lise, Fancy Musgrave, and Faze Mackaw. Suleri met Mustakori at Kinnaird College which she was attending. Her memory of Mustakori, although humorous, sometimes verges on the disrespectful as when she and her friend Dale were talking about her. Dale says, “That girl is amazing because…” to which Suleri responds, “Because…she was born stupid and will die stupid. And that’s the end of that.” What a thing to say about an innocent friend. Suleri and her older sister Ifat and other friends found Mustakori’s innocence confounding.

However, Suleri’s most profound chapters focus on her older sister Ifat. Early in the novel, we are told that Ifat was killed in a similar way as her mother. They were both the victims of being hit by a rickshaw. The rickshaw driver who hit Ifat never stopped and looked back and was never caught. The incident happened just two years after their mother died. The love for her

sister is evident in the way she wants to avoid the tragedy and to focus on how her sister had such a big impact on her life. Ifat was four years her senior. She was born beautiful, according to Sara. It was one of her casual friends that told her she had to write about her sister’s death. She responded with a loud “Nonsense”, but after getting home she recalled the conversation, Suleri comes to the conclusion, “Ifat’s story has nothing to do with dying; it has to do with a price the mind must pay when it lives in a beautiful body.”

Suleri’s memoir does not follow convention as we learn of her mother and sister’s death, only to have them come to life in later chapters telling the reader how each of them has shaped her lives. Her prose is flowing and full of metaphors and at times are quite hard to decipher. Sometimes I wasn’t sure if she was actually talking about a person or some object of her imagination. And as Suleri jumps from one relative or friend to another, we find ourselves in Pakistan, Great Britain, the American Midwest, Kuwait, and back to Pakistan. Sara Suleri had definitely lived a full and interesting life so I was a bit sad to hear of her passing this year in March. I hope one day to be as passionate about my family and friends and all those who shaped my life as well. ~Ernie Hoyt

Soldiers of God : With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan by Robert D. Kaplan (Vintage)

Robert K. Kaplan’s Soldiers of God was first published in 1990 with the subtitle “With the Mujahideen in Afghanistan”. He states that “it provides historical context for the emergence of the Taliban and Osama bin Laden’s terrorist network. His final chapter of the new edition titled “The Lawless Frontier” was first published as a long article in the Atlantic Monthly and provides a follow up to post-Taliban Afghanistan.

In 1979, the former Soviet Union with the backing of the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan, attacked the small Central Asian nation  without provocation and continued to occupy the country until their withdrawal in 1988. 

Kaplan was one of the first American journalists to travel with the Mujahideen, a collective name for the insurgents, that fought a nine-year guerilla war against one of the world’s most powerful nations and won. Without them, it would not have been possible for Kaplan to even set foot in Afghanistan. 

During the war, the Soviets heavily mined the land of Afghanistan. No one is sure of the actual numbers. Britain’s BBC stated “millions”. The Afghan resistance claimed five million. The U.S. government’s estimate was about three million. However, in 1988, a State Department spokesman said the figure was more likely “between ten and thirty million”. According to Kaplan, “that would be two mines for every Afghan who survived the war.” 

In order to report on the war, journalists first had to get to the war but this required more effort than it was worth for most of the media. Not only did the journalists have to contend with the dangers of stepping on a mine, they were faced with boredom, disease, and exhaustion. 

In the beginning, Kaplan reported the news from Peshawar, the closest city to Afghanistan but is located in Pakistan. He was determined to see for himself the realities of the war that virtually the whole world was unaware of. 

In one of his final journeys “inside”, and supposedly after the Mujahideen secured the nearest airport in Kandahar, a city located in the northern part of Afghanistan, Kaplan saw with his own eyes that the Soviets were sending some soldiers back to the city and were also using the airport. When he mentions this to an American diplomat, the government man responds by saying Inter-Services Intelligence, the intelligence agency of Pakistan, reassures the U.S. that this is not the case. 

Traveling with Kaplan and his Mujahideen companions makes this book read more like an Ian Fleming spy novel without the women or gadgets that help James Bond. It’s also very scary because it’s real. Americans don’t realize it but it was a proxy war between the Soviet Union and the U.S. with the U.S. government providing arms to the mujahideen to fight the communist forces. It was a veiled Vietnam War that wasn’t given national coverage so most Americans did not see the tragedy from the comforts of their home in their living rooms. 

Now, here in the 21st century, Russia has attacked a sovereign nation without cause for its own gain and is being condemned by the international community. It appears that the current president of Russia, Vladimir Putin, didn’t study up on the history of his nation. The Ukrainians are not going to willingly agree to the terms set by Putin’s government to end the current war. 

Putin’s demands are for the Ukraine to agree that the Crimea as part of Russia (another piece of land that was seized illegally by the Russians), to recognize to the two pro-Russian provinces in the Ukraine, Luhansk and Donetsk, as independent nations, and to promise not to try joining the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). Putin states his reasons for military action is to “deNazify” the Ukraine. I’m sorry, but the only Nazi in this scenerio is the current president of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin. And so once again, we see history repeating itself. ~Ernie Hoyt

The 13th House by Adam Zameenzad (Fourth Estate)

“Traditionally The Twelve Houses of the Zodiac are called mundane houses because they refer to every day life on earth activities.”

“Not much is said about The Thirteenth House”.

The 13th House is narrated by an unnamed person in the beginning. As the story progresses, we learn the narrator is someone close to Zahid. The narrator is the son of the man Zahid’s father worked for and embezzled from. It is the narrator who makes the story flow as he describes Zahid’s descent into his own private hell. We also learn the complicated story of the narrator as he also becomes a victim of the “Thirteenth House”.

As the narrator explains it, the Thirteenth House is “the house of perpetual pain and therefore no pain; the house of perpetual darkness and therefore no darkness; the house of perpetual despair and therefore no despair.”

So begins Adam Zameenzad’s story of a man named Zahid who has suffered much in life. He doesn’t understand his wife Jamila, he lost his first two sons at an early age, he is trod upon by his employer, and the political situation in Pakistan where he now resides is not one of peace and harmony. 

Zahid has two other children - a seven-year old daughter named Azra and a four-year old son who is not named in the novel and doesn’t seem to be quite normal. His parents had already passed away. He remembers his father as a kind and gentle man but ran away from home with a woman of “ill-repute” and was also discovered to have embezzled money from his employer. His mother was a hard-worker bringing up five children on her own and “would slap him each time he asked for anything, and advised him in a hard, grating voice to go and get it from his good-for-nothing thief of a father, wherever he was.” 

Zahid feels that his luck is about to change. He has found a new home to rent in a nice neighborhood in Karachi. A larger house than the room he currently lives in with his wife and two children. The joys of moving into a larger home and at a bargain price. So what if there are ‘stories’ about the house. What could go wrong? In Japan, this house would be considered a wake ari bukken which is a “discounted property due to special circumstances”, a stigmatized property.

Zahid was not bothered by what people said about the house. It took him a little while to convince his wife that it was the right thing to do for the family. She reluctantly gives into his wishes even though she believes the house contains some evil power.

What happens in the house is enough to make anyone believe that it is “evil”. A good friend is shot by the police in the home, Zahid’s wife is seduced by some religious guru, and most shocking of all, is what happens to the narrator and Zahid himself. 

This is Adam Zameenzad’s first novel. He is a Pakistani-born British writer. He was born and educated in Pakistan, lived in Kenya, Canada, and the U.S. before moving to the U.K. He has created a novel that makes you think of the absurdities of life and how people blame it on superstitions and other supernatural suppositions. It is you, the reader, to decide, was it just bad luck and misfortune that fell upon Zahid or did he bring it upon himself as an unwitting pawn in the circle of life. ~Ernie Hoyt

The Weary Generations by Abdullah Hussein (Peter Owen)

The Weary Generations by Abdullah Hussein was first published in Urdu in 1963. The English edition, translated by the author, was published in 1999. It follows the story of two Muslim families living under the British Raj up until Partition in 1947 when British India was separated into two nations - Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. 

Mirza Mohammed Beg, had two children. The elder son is Niaz Beg. His second son is Ayaz Beg. Niaz took after his father and had a love for metalworks and started his own workshop building many things.

Ayaz had a love for books. He studied at a madrasa, a school for higher learning. He found that he did not like it and helped his brother in the workshop but got bored with village life and left. He taught himself to read English and became a mechanic. “He did not return home”.

A major incident occurred which prompted Ayaz to return to the village. His brother Niaz was arrested “on the charge of having committed a grossly illegal act”. Niaz was sentenced to twelve years in prison. The government didn’t stop there. They also confiscated most of his lands which were in the names of both brothers, leaving just enough land for Niaz Beg’s two wives to get by on. 

Ayaz did not stay in the village. He came and took his brother’s son with to Calcutta. Although he was not formally educated, Ayaz rose to a good position as an engineer. He remained single throughout his life but felt he now had a purpose in life - to educate his nephew, Naim.

The main focus of the story centers on Naim and his relationship with those around him. He marries a woman whose father was a very prominent man who willingly works for the British. Azra, the woman, falls in love with Naim but her family does not approve of the relationship. After a long while, Azra’s father reluctantly gives his assent for the two to get married.

Naim was the son of a peasant who lived in a rural part of India. He marries Azra, the daughter of a rich landowner. Their relationship is strained from the start as Azra’s family was not supportive of the marriage, deeming themselves to be a higher caste of people. Their union reflects the relationship between the people of India and the rule of the British Crown. 

Shortly after Naim gets married, he is drafted into the military and is sent to Europe and Africa where he is wounded and loses his left arm. After he returns home, he is treated as a hero and is awarded lands for his bravery. However, it is what he witnesses that makes him question the validity and the oppression of his people under British rule and becomes involved in politics opposing the Raj. 

Naim’s marriage to Azra can be seen as a metaphor for the relationship between India and the British Empire as well. Naim is the underdog, the oppressed, he can be seen as the face of India while his wife Azra, who is from an upper caste represents the Raj. The class differences are hard to ignore. 

What makes Naim’s life more complicated is the Partition of the British Raj in 1947 when the British Crown arbitrarily set a boundary separating the mostly Hindu province of Bengal and the mostly Muslim area of the Punjab, setting off a vast migration of Hindus and Sikhs to India and Muslims to the newly created country of Pakistan. 

Hussein tells the story of Partition and the violence that followed in a way that creates a fear in the reader for Naim and his family. It is a story that opens the readers eyes to the dangers of colonialism and the arrogance of the British Empire. It’s a shame that the world still cannot live in harmony without conflict. We are supposed to learn the mistakes from history but as the old adage goes, “History tends to repeat itself”. ~Ernie Hoyt

Homeland Elegies: A Novel by Ayad Akhtar (Little, Brown and Company)

Is it a novel? Is it a memoir? Is it an economic explanation of the current political realm in the United States? Ayad Akhtar provides his own explanation in the subtitle of Homeland Elegies. It is, he proclaims at the outset, a novel.  In a letter that prefaced the advance reader copies that were sent to booksellers and reviewers, he assures them “this is not a work of autobiography,” that his writing has the need to “deform actual events...in order to see them more clearly.” A quote from Alison Bechdel on the page that follows the dedication teases with “I can only make things up about things that have already happened…” And from the outset, readers begin to wonder what has already happened and what is made up.

Akhtar, as is true of his narrator, was born on Staten Island to parents who had recently arrived from Pakistan, grew up in Wisconsin, suffered the death of his mother, and won a Pulitzer Prize for his play, Disgraced.  These facts, all given a new focus in Homeland Elegies,  distract and detract from the American life of a man who has achieved the American Dream while his fellow-countrymen disregard the truth that he is American, often quite brutally.

His novel, if indeed it is one, is an epic saga that sweeps from Partition to 9/11 to the Age of Trump, from a childhood of privilege to an unexpected  shower of wealth that comes his way during a stock market boom, of travels to visit relatives in Pakistan and ill-fated journeys in the United States. The narrator could easily be a successor of Huckleberry Finn, although one who is well-educated and born into Islam. But it’s the tease that weakens his story. When he steals a crucifix to wear around his neck after being assailed by a mob immediately after the Twin Towers fall, is this a skillful act of fiction or a confession? When he tells the love story that ends in his being given a case of syphilis, is this a form of satire or a mean way of settling a score with a woman who left him?  Does it matter? Should it matter?

Underpinning this narrative from the first chapter to the last is an astute assessment of how American politics have intertwined, with disastrous results that are so woven into the country’s fabric that they may never be repaired.  America is still a colony, the narrator is told by a university professor, but it is being colonized by the cult of the American self, with its need for all wishes to be immediately granted. This theory is expanded by different characters whom the narrator encounters throughout his life: the lesbian professor who points out that prevailing colonization and the exile we all face, at least economically; the Black Hollywood agent who explains how entrepreneurism was destroyed by the freebooting free-market deregulation of industry that led to the existence of Amazon and the cult of low prices at any cost; the Moslem financier who cynically turns consumer debt into a wealth-generating commodity and ultimately a weapon; the family friend who longs to return to Pakistan and excoriates American diversity by saying instead of the mythical melting pot, the nation is actually “a buffer solution, which keeps things together but always separated.”  Trump, the Black agent explains, is simply “a human mirror,” reflecting the mood of Americans who longed to achieve the richness that surrounded and eluded them, a mood that “was Hobbesian--poor, nasty, brutish, and nihilistic.”

And yet this theory, as carefully constructed and as plausible as it appears, turns characters into mouthpieces and plot devices, as much as the detailed accounts of racism that scar the narrator feel like reconstructed journal entries. None of this ties together in a way that is an established literary form; it’s only Akhtar’s considerable talent that pulls this book into a whole. This could be what, in a more innocent time, would be called The Great American Novel. But it’s also dependent upon a form that will probably never be successfully replicated. The taunting elusive nature of hybrid work fails to be satisfying in the long run.~Janet Brown

I Am Malala by Malala Yousafzai (Back Bay Books)

“One child, one teacher, one book and one pen can change the world.” These are the words spoken by a young Pashtun woman who was born and grew up in the Swat Valley of northwestern Pakistan, near the Afghan border. She is famously known as “The Girl Who was Shot by the Taliban”. What was her crime? She was shot for going to school! I Am Malala is her story. 

On Tuesday, October 9, 2012, Malala’s school van was stopped by two men. One of the men got up on the railboard and asked, “Who is Malala?”. Nobody answered but many of the other girls looked at her. Malala was the only one who didn’t cover her face. Then, the man lifted a gun and shot three times. One bullet went through Malala’s eye socket, the other two bullets hit the girls sitting next to Malala, one in the hand and the other in the left shoulder. The next time Malala would wake up, she would be in a hospital. 

I Am Malala is an autobiography of Malala Yousafzai, the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. She advocates the rights of all children to an education. She was the co-recipient of the prize in 2014 with Kalish Satyarthi, another children’s rights activist from India. 

Malala takes us to the beginning, before the Taliban. She starts off her story by saying, “When I was born, people in our village commiserated with my mother and nobody congratulated my father.” We, as Westerners, would celebrate the birth of any child, boy or girl but Malala was born “in a land where rifles are fired in celebration of a son, while daughters are hidden away behind a curtain, their role in life simply to prepare food and give birth to children.”. 

Fortunately for Malala, her father was an advocate for education and also ran a chain of schools. He encouraged his daughter to go to school and study. Malala was inspired by her father and strived to do her best. Then in 2009, the Taliban came to the Swat Valley. Girls were told not to go to school, however, Malala was determined to get an education. She told one of her friends, “The Taliban have never come for a small girl.” Little did she know how much her life would change when they did.

It’s been said that, “Money is the root of all evil”. I would substitute money with organized religion. Christianity had its Crusades. The partition of British India led to violence between Hindus and Muslims. Even Islam had their wars between Shia and Sunni, and currently, the Taliban’s misinterpretation of the Quran pits Islam against the world.

Malala’s story is a powerful story but it is not just her story. It is about the thousands, maybe millions of girls who also want to get educated and live a better life. Malala will inspire you and will enforce the truth about “the pen is mightier than the sword”. Malala’s words are far reaching and more powerful than the lone Taliban and his cowardly act of shooting an innocent girl. Malala inspires us to speak out against the injustices of the world. ~Ernie Hoyt

Three Cups of Tea by Greg Mortensen and David Oliver Relin (Penguin)

Three Cups of Tea is the inspiring true story of a mountaineer turned humanitarian whose life work is educating the impoverished children of Northern Pakistan. His mission is “to promote peace...one school at a time.”

Greg Mortensen is a registered nurse and an experienced mountaineer. In 1993 he attempted to climb the world’s second highest mountain - K2, located in the Baltistan district of Northern Pakistan which borders Xinjiang, China. He decided to climb the mountain as a tribute to his youngest sister who died of a seizure before her twenty-third birthday. He planned to leave one of her possessions - a necklace, at the summit of the mountain. 

Mortensen never does make it to the summit and gets lost trying to return to base camp. He finds himself in a small village called Korphe, a place he has never heard of and doesn’t recall seeing it on any of the dozens of maps he had studied. It is here that Mortensen meets Haji Ali, the nurmadhar, the chief, who shows the lost mountaineer kindness and compassion. 

Haji Ali tells him the village has no school and shares a teacher with another village who comes to teach at the village three times a week. The rest of the week, the children are left on their own and practice their studies the teacher had given them. 

It is this revelation that sets Mortensen on a new goal. He says to Haji Ali, “I will build a school. I promise.” This man with no experience in fund-raising or how to go about building a school in a foreign country spends his time doing research and talking to people who may be able to help him. He works enough to make a fair sum of money to finance his trips back to Pakistan never once forgetting the promise he made to Haji Ali. 

What started out as a small promise to a man leads to the creation of the Central Asia Institute, which would help build more than fifty schools throughout Pakistan, many of them built especially for girls. Mortensen would also discover how business is conducted in Pakistan. Haji Ali tells him, “Here (in Pakistan and Afghanistan), we drink three dups of tea to do business; the first you are a stranger, the second you become a friend, and the third, you join our family, and for our family we are prepared to do anything - even die.”

Three Cups of Tea is credited to two authors, Greg Mortensen and David Oliver Relin, however the book is told in the third person through journalist Relin’s writing. Relin says, “I wrote the story. But Greg Mortensen lived it.” Once the story progresses, it appears as if Relin forgets his objectivity and almost deifies Mortensen into a man who can do no wrong. Many of the passages in the story may be irrelevant but the heart of the story stays with you long after you finish reading it. 

The journey from mountaineer to humanitarian is one that will inspire. Mortensen shows that by determination, one can accomplish anything, even build a school or two in one of the world’s most remote areas. With the rise of the madrassas (Islamic religious schools) teaching fundamentalist Islam and financed by a Arab shieks, Mortensen tries to raise his voice to tell people that the best way to fight terrorism is through education. ~Ernie Hoyt

The Dancing Girls of Lahore : Selling Love and Saving Dreams in Pakistan's Pleasure District by Louise Brown (Harper Perennial

In The Dancing Girls of Lahore, Lousie Brown, an academic who works and teaches at Birmingham University in England, spends four years living amongst the women who work in Heera Mandi, a neighborhood and bazaar located in Lahore, Pakistan. It is also Lahore’s red light district. In the day, the bazaar is like any other in Pakistan, full of food stalls, small shops selling musical instruments and khussa, a traditional hand-crafted footwear, but at night, brothels located above the shops open for business.

In the past, Heera Mandi was a place “that trained courtesans who won the hearts of emperors”. These courtesans were known as tawaif, professional women who were taught to sing and dance, but times have changed. The women say that things were different back then, that women like them were respected. “They were artists, not gandi kanjri - not dirty prostitutes.”

The tawaif is similar to Japan’s geisha. They were women who were trained to sing and dance or recite poetry. Their main purpose was to entertain the nobility. Once the British annexed the area, the tawaif’s services declined and they made ends meet by selling their bodies, often serving the British military and thus they were defamed and branded as prostitutes.

We are witness to the life in the Heera Mandi as seen through the eyes of Brown. She introduces us to Maha and her family. A lady in her mid-thirties with five young children. Maha was sold as a bride at the age of twelve. She was a successful dancer in her twenties but after becoming the second wife of a man and having many babies, she has become plump and no longer dances for a living. Her meager existence with her children is poorly supported by her husband Adnon, who comes to Heera Mandi, only to smoke his opium in peace away from his “proper” family, meaning his first wife.

For the next four years, Brown shares the story of Maha’s family. It is very heart-wrenching and sad but is also a grim reality that there are more families such as Maha’s. Women who are born into this life and cannot escape it. The nighttime world of Heera Mandi which Brown describes is very difficult to imagine. In Heera Mandi, we are also introduced to khusras, transgenders who live on the fringe of society. We are taught words in Urdu and Punjabi that are frequently used in the business such as dalal, which translates to promoters, agents, or simply - pimps. We learn the slang for men and women’s private parts, and derogatory terms for prostitutes such as taxi and kanjri.

Brown does admit to feeling a bit of guilt sharing the story of Maha and her children as she is also a mother with children of her own who are about the same age as Maha’s. She tells us while her fourteen year old daughters in her middle class life in Britain go to school and to the cinema, Maha’s daughters “dance for men and have their virginity purchased by the highest bidder.” 

The Dancing Girls will make you laugh and cry and at times will make you angry. The abuse these women endure is unimaginable. What’s even more unimaginable is the vicious cycle in which the mother becomes her own children’s agent soliciting sex with them to potential customers. A tragedy whose story needs to be read by everyone. ~Ernie Hoyt

In Other Rooms, Other Wonders by Daniyal Mueenuddin (Norton)

Lahore, Islamabad, Karachi, Rawalpindi - currently these cities in Pakistan have been described as strongholds of the Taliban and also as havens for terrorists. However, the short stories collected in this book take place long before the Taliban came to power. The stories are about tradition, class struggle and social change in Pakistani life. Most of the stories are set in the towns of Lahore or Islamabad. The writer himself was brought up in Lahore and currently lives on a farm in the southern Punjab region.

This is a collection of previously published short stories compiled into one book. They are drawn from a vast array of literary journals and magazines such as the New Yorker, Granta and Zoetrope: All Story. One of stories, “Nawabdin Electrician” was included in “Best American Short Stories 2008”. There are a total of eight stories starting with the previously mentioned “Nawabdin Electrician”. Also included are “Saleema”, “Provide, Provide”, “About a Burning Girl”, “In Other Rooms, Other Wonders”, “Our Lady of Paris”, “Lily”, and “A Spoiled Man”.

In “Nawabdin Electrician”, a lower class man with twelve daughters and one son is a mechanic and an electrician who works for a wealthy landowner named K.K. Harouni. Nawab takes care of the man’s seventeen tube wells located on his property. He goes from one well to another by bicycle. He talks his patron into providing him with a motorcycle to do his job more efficiently. Once Nawab is in possession of the motorcycle, it also raises his status in the eyes of his peers. However, it also leads to his near death as he is nearly robbed of his prized possession, even getting shot in the process.

In “Saleema”, we find that she works as a maid, is married, but is also sleeping with Hassan the cookSaleema and the cook, Hassan work for K.K. Harouni. She uses sex to advance her station in life and unexpectedly falls in love with one of the other servants, the driver, Rafik. Saleema gets pregnant by Rafik, although he is married as well. But the fountain of wealth, K.K. Harouni passes. As Hassan and Rafik had been in service to Harouni for a number of years, they would be sent to a different house in Islamabad. Saleema finds a job at another house, friends of Harouni, who took her in just because she worked at his house. But in the end, she loses her job, she starts taking drugs she once despised, leaves her husband, and ends up on the street begging with her son. Soon enough she dies and her son is left begging in the streets becoming what is known as “one of the sparrows of Lahore.”

Onto “Provide, Provide”, we learn about K.K. Harouni and how he was born into a rich family. As he tries to keep up appearances to compete with the new breed of Pakistani industrialist, he would sell vast amounts of land he owns and sink the money into factories; however, the more he sinks into the factories, the more they seemed to decline until his bankers advised him to close. While Harouni was spending less time at his family home in the southern area of Punjab, he left that up to his manager, one Chaudrey Nabi Baksh Jaglani who has ideas of his own.

The characters in the five remaining stories are related to the central character of K.K. Harouni as if part of one long and continuing soap opera. The stories provide us with a detailed look into the social strata of Pakistani life with the caste system derived from India, ever strong and present. Once you’ve completed the book, you find yourself wanting more. To see what has become of some of the newer characters and to see what has happened to the ones you have already become familiar with. The book provides everything you can hope for - love, romance, betrayal, loyalty, and the interrelationships between all the characters. It’s a book you won’t want to put down.

The Most Dangerous Place : Pakistan’s Lawless Border by Imtiaz Gul (Penguin Books)

There was a time when I was fascinated by the drug trade and would buy and read all sorts of books on the subject. I would read books about the “Golden Triangle”. I would read about the leaders of the drug smuggling trade - General Khun Sa of the Shan State in Burma, Pablo Escobar and Jorge Ochoa, the founders of the Medellin Cartel in Columbia, just to name a few major figures.

Then I read the news of the Rwandan Genocide in 1994 and saw the photography books by Magnum photographer,Gilles Peress. This spawned my interest in reading books about crimes against humanity. The Holocaust during World War 2, the rise of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, ethnic cleansing in Kosovo, the Tigers of Tamil Eelam recruiting children to fight in their wars. Sometimes I would imagine what it would be like to travel to such dangerous places. This led me to read Robert Pelton Young’s book The World’s Most Dangerous Places which is currently in its 5th edition.

My interest in the drug trade and crimes against humanity would be shelved after the rise of terrorism, Al Qaeda, and Osama bin Laden. However, most of the books I would read on the subject were by Westerners who are not the most objective voice when talking about the rise of Islamic militants and whom I believe were just as ignorant about the countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan.

While the U.S. increased the “war on terror” and put a bounty on bin Laden’s head, our country was having an even more difficult time getting the cooperation of another country - Pakistan. That’s the main focus of this book. Our government believed that bin Laden was hiding out in the country’s tribal region of Waziristan which shares the border with Afghanistan. Our government were also weary of the Pakistan’s intelligence agency, the ISI or Inter-Services Intelligence because they believe many members supported the militants and let them handle problems in the area as proxy agents.

In this book, we get an even better insight into the rise of Islamic militancy from a Pakistani native who is also a journalist and has been reporting on the area for over two decades. Gul not only interviews Pakistani government officials and members of ISI, he also interviews militant leaders and their followers. You will learn more about the tribal areas and get a better understanding of how ultra-conservatism and a lack of wealth and education contributes to the rise of militancy. Gul also informs us why the Pakistani government is complacent when it comes problems arising in these lawless areas.

The appendix in the book gives you a list of militant leaders, the group they are a part of, and what tribal region the strength is located. We may not hear much about Al Qaeda in the news after bin Laden’s death, but Islamic militancy continues to grow and expand and now the most current threat against democracy is Isis or the Islamic State. I can only wish for a future where we really will have world peace, but as long as there are extremists, Islamic, Christian, or otherwise, we need to stay vigilant and learn as much as we can to strive to make a better world.